{"id":241,"date":"2020-08-19T16:14:46","date_gmt":"2020-08-19T20:14:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/?p=241"},"modified":"2021-02-28T10:52:57","modified_gmt":"2021-02-28T15:52:57","slug":"aim-high-air-force-primary-jet-training","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/2020\/08\/19\/aim-high-air-force-primary-jet-training\/","title":{"rendered":"Soaring &#038; Air Force Primary Jet Instruction?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I wanted to share how I was taught to fly and teach in the USAF.\u00a0\u00a0 While a jet vs. glider sounds very different, perhaps much can be learned from Air Force methods.\u00a0<em> It had one goal:\u00a0 produce consistently the best pilots in the quickest amount of time and with the fewest use of resources (on time &amp; budget).<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>You&#8217;ll see indented text like this below.\u00a0 I&#8217;ll use that to highlight the training concept involved.\u00a0 Couldn&#8217;t some of these things be done to train our glider students more quickly and with greater success &amp; satisfaction?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>My plane was the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cessna_T-37_Tweet\">Cessna T-37<\/a>, which was used until 2009.\u00a0\u00a0 As a student, this was make or break, were you capable of becoming an Air Force Pilot?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As we were told, <em>&#8220;The United States Air Force could teach a chimpanzee how to fly, but you know what &#8212; we don&#8217;t have the time or money to train chimps!&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>As an IP (Instructor Pilot) I also became a Flight Scheduler for our &#8216;classroom&#8217; of about 13 instructors and 30 students.\u00a0 The USAF statistics said we&#8217;d lose a third of the students. Most would wash out prior to solo.<\/p>\n<p>The T-37, <em>a definitely complex aircraft:<\/em>\u00a0 two jet engines, hydraulic systems, generators, inverter, three tank fuel system, UHF radios, transponder, a fully stuffed instrument panel,\u00a0 explosive charges for the canopy &amp; ejection seat, and pages of checklists and procedures.\u00a0 <a href=\"\/downloads\/docs\/T-37_Dash_One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here for the Dash One<\/a> (POH).<\/p>\n<h3>Training prior to Solo &#8211; the book &amp; syllabus<\/h3>\n<p>We followed one book &amp; syllabus. They laid out what was expected as training progressed.\u00a0 We knew what to teach, when, and what the performance standard was.\u00a0 I don&#8217;t have the syllabus, <a href=\"\/downloads\/docs\/T-37_afman11-249.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">but here is an example<\/a> of what both students and instructors read.\u00a0 <em><strong>Interested in what they use for Soaring Instruction at the Academy<\/strong><\/em>:\u00a0 The <a href=\"\/downloads\/docs\/Usafa_251_syl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">syllabus<\/a> and the <a href=\"\/downloads\/docs\/Usafa_251_manual.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">student manual<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>A simple concept, all instructors use the same training manual, techniques, and maneuver standards.\u00a0 This insures the student isn&#8217;t confused and learning interference is reduced when flying with other instructors.\u00a0 What does your Club do?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>There were 12 flights in the syllabus, broken into 4 blocks of instruction, 3 rides each.\u00a0 Then you had to be ready to go solo.\u00a0 It was demanding on both instructors and students.\u00a0 Actually, the ride limit was used to force IPs to decide &#8212; can this person solo without getting killed?\u00a0 It was a benchmark.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>I&#8217;ve seen many CFIGs fret over whether a student was ready to solo. I can recall just graduating from Pilot Instructor Training, returning to my base, and joining a flight<\/em> room.<em>\u00a0 It just happened they were starting a new class and I had three fresh students to solo.\u00a0 I had a little anxiety at the start, but I just followed the program, insured they met standards, and each soloed on time.\u00a0 Happy to say I never had a student wash out.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Before the First Flight<\/h3>\n<p>Time in the air was precious. Plenty on the ground for memorizing procedures,\u00a0 maneuvers, how they were performed, &#8216;chair flying&#8217; at home, table briefs with an IP.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Ground prep. insured the only thing going on in the aircraft (the activity that could ONLY HAPPEN in the aircraft) was the\u00a0 &#8216;student practice&#8217; of flying. My role as IP was safety observer and conversation limited to brief comments.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Students kept notebooks &#8211; I&#8217;d tell my studs, &#8220;I&#8217;ll explain every detail and answer every question.\u00a0 But only once.\u00a0 If you don&#8217;t have a perfect memory, you need to take notes and I will wait for you to write it down&#8230;. then take it home for review &amp; practice.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>The preflight inspection or &#8216;walk around&#8217; &#8211;\u00a0 An instructor takes students out to a parked aircraft and covers everything we looked for before getting into the cockpit.\u00a0 Students were encouraged to go out to the flight line and practice before they ever flew.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><em>Once we left the flight room and walked out toward the aircraft I just quietly followed the student around.\u00a0 They took the lead, they made the decisions, they told me the ship was ready and we could hop in.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Memorizing checklist procedures and operating limits &#8211;<a href=\"\/downloads\/docs\/T-37_Dash_One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> there were pages and pages of stuff<\/a>.\u00a0 The &#8220;Interior Inspection&#8221; covered everything in the cockpit.\u00a0 It had 55 different items and that was just up to &#8220;ENGINE START.&#8221;\u00a0 The student was expected to run the checklist from memory with only occasional glances to the printed copy to insure nothing had been missed.\u00a0 Completion time, a couple of minutes. <em>I can still remember myself going out and jumping into an aircraft and practicing the procedures till it was just reflex.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Memorize a &#8216;choreograph&#8217; of a typical flight &#8211;\u00a0 <em>What works in a dance routine also works in flying!<\/em> This was one of the first things I&#8217;d have my students record in their notebooks.\u00a0 I talked them thru every single part of a flight, throttle settings, airspeeds, radio calls, ground tracks, checklist procedures, maneuvers.\u00a0 It took a lot of pages!Then I told them: Take it home, sit down at the kitchen table, with a broom handle between your legs, and &#8216;chair fly&#8217; the entire flight.\u00a0 Make the signals to the crew chief for engine start.\u00a0 For a radio call, move your hand to set the freq on the imaginary radio, say the calls out loud, keep another hand on those imaginary throttles, call out the airspeeds required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><em>Before flying they knew what they would be expected to do and when. They could describe the steps needed to complete a maneuver or phase of flight.\u00a0 The only thing left was actual practice.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Simulation\/Media Center &#8211; there were the old LINK trainers (a simulated cockpit and instrument panel) that was good for procedures and instrument training, but no visual.\u00a0 We then received the full-motion simulators and realistic video.\u00a0 A much better environment.\u00a0\u00a0 A Library type media center had individual tables and slide carousels with photos while the student listened to narration at their own pace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Before EVERY Flight &#8211; briefing<\/h3>\n<p>We ALWAYS had time for a full and detailed sit down briefing before each flight (even had a checklist for that!). The students knew what they needed to practice and I could confirm by checking their grade book (no desktop PCs back then!).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The student did the entire briefing of the planned flight profile and I just listened.\u00a0 If she had questions we&#8217;d discuss those items together.\u00a0 We tried to limit surprises during a flight.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>GOTCHA<\/strong> &#8211; <em>I might question the student about procedures\/maneuvers they were required to know.\u00a0 If I didn&#8217;t get the right answer I read them the &#8216;Riot Act&#8217; on preparation and it better not happen again if they wanted to be a USAF Pilot.\u00a0 Never had to say it twice.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>During Flight &#8211; quiet!<\/h3>\n<p>The student had briefed the flight and maneuvers we&#8217;d perform.\u00a0 I rarely had to fly and talk thru a maneuver demo more than once or twice.\u00a0 As the flight progressed my comments were short.\u00a0 We wore helmets and oxygen masks, the intercom was initially on &#8216;hot mike&#8217;, so we heard each other talking\/breathing.\u00a0 After we had some altitude I&#8217;d switch to &#8216;comm&#8217;. I could still hear the student, but he couldn&#8217;t hear me.\u00a0 I&#8217;d even disconnect part of my mask.\u00a0 They knew I wasn&#8217;t planning on talking, more importantly, they knew they were doing a good job!<\/p>\n<p>If we were getting outside limits it was just a word:\u00a0 &#8216;altitude&#8217; or &#8216;airspeed&#8217; or &#8216;groundtrack&#8217; or &#8216;checklist&#8217; or &#8216;radiocall&#8217;\u00a0 &#8212; that usually got them to correct and didn&#8217;t destroy their train of thought.\u00a0 If they butchered a maneuver and I needed to talk in sentences, I&#8217;d take aircraft control and we&#8217;d discuss things and\/or I might repeat a\u00a0 demo.\u00a0 After that, made sure we both knew what was next, and then give them control.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>A student is either flying the aircraft or listening to you talk.\u00a0 They can&#8217;t do both. They develop confidence by making their own decisions and completing maneuvers without instructor babbling.\u00a0 If it&#8217;s safe, it&#8217;s fine!\u00a0 When we get on the ground will discuss in detail deviations and how to do it better next time.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>After EVERY Flight &#8211; grading<\/h3>\n<p>Flights were usually a 1.3 and students usually came back exhausted.\u00a0 There was ALWAYS time for a full debrief.\u00a0 I would pull out a blank grade sheet and it listed every maneuver and phase of flight starting with &#8220;Ground Ops&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>The grading was simple (<em>and perhaps a bit too judgemental\u00a0 and self-esteem shattering for modern sensibilities<\/em>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>U &#8211; The &#8216;hook&#8217;, unsatisfactory (unsafe).\u00a0 Enough said.<\/li>\n<li>F &#8211; Fair. The item was completed safely, but deviations were excessive from acceptable standards (we had common standards, e.g airspeed +\/- 10 knots, altitude +\/- 100 feet,<em> except in the pattern, no minus allowed!)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>G &#8211; Good. The item met standards with minor deviations.<\/li>\n<li>E &#8211; Excellent.\u00a0 Just a superb job.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The above items were always graded on an absolute scale, e.g. in first few flights most air work items were UNSATISFACTORY.\u00a0 But there was a subjective &#8216;Overall Grade&#8217; at the end, same scale, that compared their progress to other students in the same phase of training.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Redemption<\/strong>!\u00a0 Good indicated you were proceeding as expected. You could get a bunch of hooks and still be &#8216;Good&#8217; or even &#8216;Excellent.&#8217;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em> The United States Air Force has a heart!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Each block of instruction (3-4 flights) had required grades to exit the block and there were no exceptions.\u00a0 Each item had to meet the standard, e.g. Landing proficiency would progress from U -&gt; F -&gt; G\u00a0 (you never had to be excellent!).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We talked about each item, even if only briefly.\u00a0 It&#8217;s amazing how much more you remember about flight details when looking at a grade sheet.\u00a0 It also gives the student feedback on their progress and areas that need work.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>After EVERY Flight &#8211; EP (Emergency Procedure)<\/h3>\n<p>This was usually the last debrief item.\u00a0 There were a LOT of things that could go very wrong or somewhat wrong with the aircraft, we tried to review all of them.\u00a0 In a typical session I&#8217;d ask the student, &#8220;It&#8217;s a beautiful day, low winds. Your takeoff from 31 was normal. You just finished contact with Departure Control and are passing 3,000&#8242;.\u00a0 You see a flashing red light in the right engine fuel shutoff T-handle.\u00a0 What do you do?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The student would then be expected to talk me thru every thought process and step they would take until the aircraft is back on the ground.\u00a0 In cases where they needed to know the aircraft&#8217;s response to an action, they would ask me.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Sound a lot like the new buzzword &#8216;Scenario Based Training&#8217;&#8230; USAFs been doing it for over 35 years and it works very well. Unfortunately, other than in presentations, I rarely see it done on a regular basis in gliders.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Instructor Continuity<\/h3>\n<p>This was a big deal. I used to put up the flying schedule, I knew every IP a student had flown with.\u00a0 <strong>The scheduling rule &#8211; only two instructors prior to solo.<\/strong> The USAF had a lot of historical statistics and found a very strong correlation between student success and number of instructors they&#8217;d flown with.<\/p>\n<p>We kept the number down prior to solo and even after that it was fairly restricted, maybe 4 during all of Primary Jet training.\u00a0 We&#8217;d expand a student&#8217;s exposure based on their progress, some with more, some less.\u00a0 You could learn technique from any IP on the ground, it was controlled in the air.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em><strong>Reality Check:<\/strong> I&#8217;ve heard experienced gliders guys say it benefits a student to fly with different people prior to solo.\u00a0 If beginning students progressed faster by flying with a bunch of people the USAF would be doing that &#8211; but they don&#8217;t!\u00a0 However, I do understand the limitations in only weekend flying, limited instructors.\u00a0 It should be treated as a necessary evil and managed as much as possible. <strong>It is not a plus&#8230;.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Standards and Evaluation<\/h3>\n<p>Back then the USAF had <em>stan-eval<\/em>, these were the guys that did independent checks and audits and reported directly to the commander.\u00a0 Nobody likes doing paperwork and properly documenting student progress and evaluations can be a pain.\u00a0 <em>As we were repeatedly reminded, &#8220;The student&#8217;s GRADE BOOK is what graduates from pilot training.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>To make any of this work, someone in the Club, reporting directly to the President, needs to conduct checks. Doesn&#8217;t even have to be an instructor to check compliance with written procedures. \u00a0 <em>No need for CFIGs to get mad at this individual, he&#8217;s just there to count beans.<\/em>\u00a0 He&#8217;s not condemning, squealing, or passing judgement, just reporting the results to the President\/Board.<\/p>\n<h3>Can it work for Soaring Clubs?<\/h3>\n<p>I visited the Air Force Academy Soaring program a few years back.\u00a0 They used similar principles to what I&#8217;ve describe here.\u00a0\u00a0 Fresh students, with no flying experience, would <a href=\"https:\/\/www.33fw.af.mil\/About-Us\/Fact-Sheets\/Article\/874069\/soaring-programs-at-usafa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">solo in a glider after 12 flights<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The FAA, &#8220;Aviation Instructor&#8217;s Handbook&#8221;<\/strong> :\u00a0 Before getting my CFII I had to take the written test.\u00a0 I read and took notes of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/regulations_policies\/handbooks_manuals\/aviation\/aviation_instructors_handbook\/media\/aviation_instructors_handbook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FAA-H-8083-9A.<\/a>\u00a0 It pretty much calls out most of the items the USAF does, but how rarely it seems to be done in glider training?\u00a0 It demands a lot of the instructor\/school, but it&#8217;s an efficient and much more satisfying program.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Class Size:\u00a0 One?<\/strong>\u00a0 In Clubs it appears the usual training class size is ONE.\u00a0 There is a lot of instruction that occurs on the ground and can be just as effectively done with several students.\u00a0\u00a0 Having a &#8216;team&#8217; of students go thru training together increase comradeship and working together (especially with juniors).\u00a0 A kid (and parents) signing up for a high school sport has to commit to a rigorous schedule of practices\/games.\u00a0 We&#8217;re teaching someone how to FLY, shouldn&#8217;t we be as rigorous?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Two key things in learning to fly:<\/strong>\u00a0 You have to come to the field on a regular basis.\u00a0 You must have been done your homework and be ready to fly.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;ve watched Clubs in operation and I still scratch my head at first come, first serve flights with CFIGs.\u00a0 Every club has students who just won&#8217;t\/can&#8217;t devote the time required to make good progress.\u00a0 They show up maybe once\/twice in a month.<\/p>\n<p>I can recall waiting while a kid who made his monthly visit got three back-to-back flights while I and others were still waiting.\u00a0 Limited instructors\/limited resources &#8211; apply them first to the people who have made a solid commitment to learning.\u00a0 You will get them thru the program faster and have more time to apply to others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Gratitude:<\/strong> My special thanks to my T-37 IP, Capt. Gregg Larson, he made me a pilot and helped me achieve a dream.\u00a0 I was the first one to Solo in my UPT class (he was also the scheduler!) and tried to follow in his footsteps as an IP.\u00a0 How can I ever forget my classmates, UPT Class &#8220;80-01&#8221; at Columbus AFB.\u00a0 <em>We cared for each other, even though our class motto was &#8220;Every Man An A$$ Hole!&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Your Comments<\/strong>:\u00a0 Are welcome whether you agree\/disagree, please just be polite.\u00a0 I&#8217;ll make sure they appear for others to read.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>I wanted to share how I was taught to fly and teach in the USAF.\u00a0\u00a0 While a jet vs. glider sounds very different, perhaps much can be learned from Air Force methods.\u00a0 It had one goal:\u00a0 produce consistently the best pilots in the quickest amount of time and with the <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/2020\/08\/19\/aim-high-air-force-primary-jet-training\/\" title=\"Soaring &#038; Air Force Primary Jet Instruction?\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=241"}],"version-history":[{"count":33,"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":438,"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241\/revisions\/438"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.soaringtools.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}